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balsam twig aphid

Pest	Product	Rate	Notes
Insects Affecting Abies
Balsam twig aphid (Mindarus abietinus)	Admire 240	250 mL/ha	The eggs overwinter on bark and hatch into first-generation nymphs (“stem mothers”) in early spring when bud caps begin to loosen, but before new growth emerges. Second-generation nymphs feed on newly developing needles, causing the needles to become distorted and discoloured.Treat when stem mothers first hatch (about 180–250 GDD Base 10°C). Second-generation nymphs are more difficult to manage due to their protective, waxy covering.
	DZN 600 EW	see label
	Endeavor 50 WG	193 g/ha in 275 L water
	Malathion 500 EC	1.25 L/ 1,000 L water
	Tristar 70 WSP	3 solu paks

Balsam twig aphid colony and damages on new growth of Abies family

cutworms

Pest	Product	Rate	Notes
Insects Affecting Abies
Cutworms (various species)	Confirm 240 F	0.5 L/ha	The eggs overwinter on bark and hatch into first-generation nymphs (“stem mothers”) in early spring when bud caps begin to loosen, but before new growth emerges. Second-generation nymphs feed on newly developing needles, causing the needles to become distorted and discoloured. Treat when stem mothers first hatch (about 180–250 GDD Base 10°C). Second-generation nymphs are more difficult to manage due to their protective, waxy covering.
	Dipel	See label
	Dylo	2.75–4 L/ha
	Pounce	180 mL/ha

Spruce climbing cutworm larval and adult stages

spruce budworm

Pest	Product	Rate	Notes
Insects Affecting Abies
Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana)	Dragnet	160 mL/1,000 L water	Larvae have a black head and brownish body with four light spots on the back of each segment. This pest is a widespread, important defoliator of balsam fir and spruce. Tiny overwintering larvae begin to feed as buds break and continue feeding until late spring. Larvae can often be found feeding inside emerging shoots from suspiciously persistent bud caps. There is 1 generation per year.Apply Mimic to control early instar larvae; allow 3–7 days for larval mortality. A second application may be required. Apply a general coverage spray for broad-spectrum insecticides in mid-May to reduce larval populations.
	Dipel	See label
	Malathion 500 EC	2.5 L/1,000 L water
	Mimic 240 LV	290 mL/ha
	Pounce	45–90 mL/1,000 L water
	Sevin 50 W	1.1–2.2 kg/1,000 L water

Spruce budworm larvae feeding and webbing around the new growth

spruce spider mite

Pest	Product	Rate	Notes
Insects Affecting Abies
Spruce spider mite (Oligonychus ununguis)	Cygon 480 E	1.25 L/1,000 L water	Overwintered eggs hatch in early May, when Amelanchier laevis and Magnolia x soulangiana are in full bloom. Mites prefer older needles as feeding sites. Apply miticides when mites first appear. Use horticultural oil as a dormant treatment in early spring to target eggs and newly hatched nymphs. Horticultural oil (including Landscape Oil) can be used when plants are dormant. Landscape Oil can be used in summer when leaves are fully expanded and hardened off. See product label. Permanent discolouration of foliage will occur to blue cultivars of both Juniperus and Picea. To prevent foliar discolouration on blue Colorado spruce, use only wettable powders and avoid horticultural oil. If populations are still significant, make 2 applications of other miticides at 10-day intervals when mites exist in spring. Many predatory mites co-exist with pest mite populations. To conserve predatory mites, try miticides that are less toxic to these beneficials, such as Vendex and Floramite.
	Floramite SC	625 mL/1,000 L water
	horticultural oil	20 L/1,000 L water
	insecticidal soap	see label
	Lagon 480	1.25 L/1,000 L water
	Malathion 500 EC	1.25 L/1,000 L water
	Orthene 75 SP	1 kg/1,000 L water
	Pyrate 480 EC	375–500 mL/1,000 L water
	Vendex 50 W	0.5–1.0 kg/1,000 L water

The presence of fine silky webbing on the leaves and unhealthy bronze colour are the tell- tale signs of these spider mites

european chafer

Pest	Product	Rate	Notes
Insects Affecting Abies
European chafer (Rhizotrogus majalis)	Acelepryn	5.6–8.8 mL/100m2	These beetle larvae are referred to as “white grubs.” They chew fibrous roots and girdle underground stems of many woody ornamentals (including Cornus sp.). Before planting, cultivate infested fields to expose grubs to natural predators.Sevin T&O is registered as a foliar spray for adults. Apply Intercept 60 WP once per year, during the mating period/egg-laying period and up to egg hatch (usually late June/early July in southern Ontario). In the field, sufficient irrigation (5–10 mm) should occur within 24 hr after application; avoid overwatering.
	Lorsban NT (rescue treatment for shipping)	4.5 L/1,000 L water
	Intercept 60 WP	467 g/ha
	Imidan 50 WP	1.25 kg/1,000 L water
	Malathion 500 EC	1.25 L/1,000 L water
	Sevin 50 W	2–3 kg/1,000 L water
	Sevin T&O	2.3–3.5 L/1,000 L water

European chafer (Rhizotrogus majalis) larval and adult stages

june beetle

Pest	Product	Rate	Notes
Insects Affecting Abies
June beetle (Phyllophaga sp.)	Acelepryn	5.6–8.8 mL/100 m2	These beetle larvae are referred to as “white grubs.” They chew fibrous roots and girdle underground stems of many woody ornamentals (including Cornus sp.). Before planting, cultivate infested fields to expose grubs to natural predators.Sevin T&O is registered as a foliar spray for adults. Apply Intercept 60 WP once per year, during the mating period/egg-laying period and up to egg hatch (usually late June/early July in southern Ontario). In the field, sufficient irrigation (5–10 mm) should occur within 24 hr after application; avoid overwatering.
	Lorsban NT(rescue treatment for shipping)	4.5 L/1,000 L water
	Intercept 60 WP	467 g/ha
	Imidan 50 WP	1.25 kg/1,000 L water
	Malathion 500 EC	1.25 L/1,000 L water
	Sevin 50 W	2–3 kg/1,000 L water
	Sevin T&O	2.3–3.5 L/1,000 L water

June beetle (Phyllophaga sp.) larval and adult stages

Japanese beetle

Pest	Product	Rate	Notes
Insects Affecting Abies
Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica)	Acelepryn	5.6–8.8 mL/100m2	These beetle larvae are referred to as “white grubs.” They chew fibrous roots and girdle underground stems of many woody ornamentals (including Cornus sp.). Before planting, cultivate infested fields to expose grubs to natural predators.Sevin T&O is registered as a foliar spray for adults. Apply Intercept 60 WP once per year, during the mating period/egg-laying period and up to egg hatch (usually late June/early July in southern Ontario). In the field, sufficient irrigation (5–10 mm) should occur within 24 hr after application; avoid overwatering.
	Lorsban NT(rescue treatment for shipping)	4.5 L/1,000 L water
	Intercept 60 WP	467 g/ha
	Imidan 50 WP	1.25 kg/1,000 L water
	Malathion 500 EC	1.25 L/1,000 L water
	Sevin 50 W	2–3 kg/1,000 L water
	Sevin T&O	2.3–3.5 L/1,000 L water

Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) larval and adult stages

gray mold

Pest	Product	Rate	Notes
Diseases Affecting Abies
Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea)	Rovral 50 WP	1.2–2 kg/ha	During very humid conditions (e.g., storage), a fuzzy, grey growth may develop on succulent plant parts. Treat twigs and buds in spring before leaves develop. Treat conifer seedlings at the onset of botrytis. Remove all fading and diseased plant parts promptly, especially when wet weather is predicted. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and good air circulation.

These new shoots have died from Gray Mold (Botrytis cinerea)

damping off

Pest	Product	Rate	Notes
Diseases Affecting Abies
Damping off, root rot and stem rot (Phytophthora, Pythium)	Presidio	60–119 mL/380 L water	Stem rot and root rot cause rapid dieback and mortality and are often characterized by reddish-brown discolouration of the cambium. Subdue MAXX can be used as a drench or a pre-incorporated treatment for media to help protect conifer seedlings and transplants from Pythium and Phytophthora..
	Previcur	see label
	Subdue MAXX	1.2 L/ha (drench)
	Torrent 400SC	see label

Canker symptoms caused by Phytophthora megasperma on the stem base of the fir characterized by reddish-brown discoloration of the cambium. Aboveground symptoms associated with Phytophthora root rot (PRR) include resinous cancer, cambial lesion with distinct margins, branch flagging, and diminished apical leader growth, foliar chlorosis and reddening of the needles with advanced infection.

Needlecast

Pest	Product	Rate	Notes
Diseases Affecting Abies
Needlecast (various fungi)	Banner MAXX	350 mL/1,000 L water	This is principally a nursery disease. It is caused by several fungi with 2-yr life cycles. Symptoms develop early in the second season. Infected needles turn brown and drop. Badly infected plants have only current season needles. Spray after new growth begins and again 10 days later.
	Copper Spray	4 kg/1,000 L water
	Daconil 2787 F	2.5 L/1,000 L water

Needlecast disease caused by pathogens Rhizosphaera spp. and Stigmina spp. Similarities and differences between the two diseases exist. Symptoms of both needle cast diseases look similar to each other. The classic symptoms of needle cast include brownish purple discoloration and eventual death of older needles, while current-year needles show no symptoms.

The Metric System and Abbreviations

Metric units

Linear measures (length)

10 millimetres (mm) = 1 centimetre (cm)

100 centimetres (cm) = 1 metre (m)

1,000 metres = 1 kilometre (km)

Square measures (area)

100 m × 100 m = 10,000 m2 = 1 hectare (ha)

100 ha = 1 square kilometre (km2)

Area

1 square centimetre (cm2) = 0.16 square inches

1 square metre (m2) = 10.77 square feet

1 square metre (m2) = 1.20 square yards

1 square kilometre (km2) = 0.39 square miles

1 hectare (ha) = 107,636 square feet

1 hectare (ha) = 2.5 acres

Metric conversions (approximate)

5 mL = 1 tsp

15 mL = 1 tbsp

28.5 mL = 1 fl. oz.

Spraying Programme

STAGE OF FRUIT DEVELOPMENT	SPRAY
BUD BURST	SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDE
PETAL FALL	SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDE PLUS SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDE
GREEN CLUSTER	SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDE PLUS CONTACT INSECTICIDE
FRUITLET MID JUNE	SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDE PLUS CONTACT INSECTICIDE
PINK BUD	SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDE
FRUITLET EARLY JULY	SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDE PLUS CONTACT INSECTICIDE